You might remember how famous philosopher Larry Sanger, the co-founder of Wikipedia, recently investigated Christianity. He found the evidence good enough to make a commitment. I wrote about what arguments he found convincing in this post. A new famous scholar, Charles Murray, has investigated into Christianity. Let’s see what arguments he looked at and where he came out.
Before we see what Charles Murray found, here is a good list of arguments for a Creator and Designer.
I have a list of 8 scientific arguments:
- origin of the universe
- cosmic fine-tuning
- origin of life (building blocks and sequencing of information)
- Cambrian explosion (and other surges of information in the fossil record)
- galactic, stellar and planetary habitability, e.g. – habitable zones
- molecular machines in the cell, e.g. – bacterial flagellum
- evidence for a non-material mind, e.g. – split brain surgery
- the waiting time problem
And then there are philosophical arguments, too:
- the moral argument
- the contingency argument
- arguments for substance dualism, e.g. – intentionality
- the argument from reason
And historical arguments:
- reliability of the New Testament documents
- minimal facts case for the resurrection, e.g. – Paul’s conversion
- prophecy, e.g. – Psalm 22
I excluded all “soft” arguments from my list, because emotion-based claims grate on my software engineer and military history soul.
So, what was Murray’s starting point? He explains in a New York Post article:
By the middle of the 20th century, academia’s appraisal of religion amounted to “Smart people don’t believe that stuff anymore.”
That’s the message I got when I reached Harvard in the fall of 1961.
None of my professors was religious (at least visibly). I didn’t have any friends who were religious.
When the topic of religion came up, professors and friends alike treated it dismissively or as a subject for humor.
I didn’t expend energy rejecting religion. It was irrelevant. I ignored it.
That’s his starting point. And why investigate Christianity when you are already at the top of your field, getting a lot of respect for the influential books that you are putting out?
So often, Christians are taught to think that Christianity is something that you investigate when you have a life crisis. Then you take this irrational leap into the dark, and turn over a new leaf, to get your life in order. Maybe to make people stop judging you. That’s how Christianity is seen today. Most people think that Christianity is about feelings and community, but that’s not the way Jesus saw it. Jesus said that everyone who is on the side of TRUTH listens to him. He used evidence in order to appeal to people who didn’t believe in him already. We talked about Christianity as a “truth quest” in our podcast episode with Dr. Gunter Bechly, who went on a truth quest and arrived at Christianity. Intellectuals who are curious and open can find solid evidence for the Christian worldview.
Science and Culture has an article up about what evidence Charles Murray looked at in his new book:
“Millions are like me when it comes to religion: well-educated and successful people for whom religion has been irrelevant,” Charles Murray writes. “For them, I think I have a story worth telling.”
Taking Religion Seriously is Murray’s autobiographical account of the decades-long evolution in his stance toward the idea of God in general and Christianity in particular. He argues that religion is something that can be approached as an intellectual exercise. His account moves from the improbable physics of the Big Bang to recent discoveries about the nature of consciousness, from evolutionary psychology to hypotheses about a universal Moral Law. His exploration of Christianity delves into the authorship of the Gospels, the reliability of biblical texts, and the scholarship surrounding the resurrection story.
These align with some of the arguments that I mentioned (origin of the universe, fine-tuning, consciousness, moral argument, gospel reliability, resurrection), showing you how these arguments really do work on non-Christian scholars.
A Wall Street Journal article (archived) has more about his process of changing his mind:
Whatever else may be said about Mr. Murray, he can’t be accused of dishonesty or cowardice. He has a penchant for saying what many other writers and scholars know but either can’t say or can’t say clearly and without a thousand qualifications. He has often been typecast in liberal organs as an ideologue, but that is exactly wrong: Reading Mr. Murray’s work—this is most plainly true in “Losing Ground” and “Coming Apart”—you often sense that the writer would rather draw different conclusions but, in view of the evidence, can’t.
“Taking Religion Seriously” is, in that sense, typical of its author. Mr. Murray wasn’t searching for religious belief.
He starts out with a book written by a famous atheist astronomer, Martin Rees, about the cosmic fine-tuning argument. This argument is generally viewed by atheists as the most compelling argument for a Creator and Designer of the universe:
Mr. Murray’s conversion, if that’s what it is, began in the early 2000s, when he read a few theoretical accounts of the universe’s origins, among them Martin Rees’s “Just Six Numbers” (1999). So wildly improbable were the conditions necessary for the so-called Big Bang, it seems to Mr. Murray, that the whole business, whenever it happened, sounded very much like what Christians call creation. “I can’t believe I’m thinking this,” he recalls reflecting, “but it’s the only plausible explanation”—“it” meaning the divine origin of everything.
He was also impressed by the case for the reliability of the gospels, including the relatively recent, ground-breaking work done by Dr. Richard Bauckham on the eyewitness backing of the gospels:
One of those books on the Gospels’ formation is perhaps the greatest of them all: Richard Bauckham’s “Jesus and the Eyewitnesses” (2006), a densely researched and dispassionate argument that the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke) are more or less what they present themselves to be: accounts of Jesus’ life, death and resurrection, compiled from the testimonies of eyewitnesses. Mr. Murray also read prominent critical accounts of the Gospels—books by Bart Ehrman, among others, that reject all supernatural claims—and wasn’t so impressed.
These latter accounts, Mr. Murray concludes, falter under the weight of unanswered questions. Among those questions: If the idea of Jesus’ divinity was so late an invention, as all critical biblical scholarship must assume, how is it that not a single New Testament book so much as alludes to the most cataclysmic event of ancient Judaism, the destruction of the Second Temple in A.D. 70? Jesus foretells its destruction in the Gospels, and this has been interpreted as a later insertion to make him sound prophetic, but are we to believe that any mention of the temple’s actual destruction never found its way into any New Testament book?
And why does the Acts of the Apostles end with the reader wondering what became of its two most important characters, when we know they were martyred? “If people kept augmenting and altering the books of the New Testament as the revisionists insist,” Mr. Murray wonders, “why wouldn’t someone have added a few lines at the ending of the Acts mentioning the deaths of Paul and Peter?” The most plausible answer, of course, is that Luke’s account was finished before their deaths and no one in subsequent decades felt sufficiently bold to tamper with it. And most puzzling of all: Why did Jesus’ disciples go to their deaths insisting he had been raised from the dead when they had neither hoped for nor expected such a thing in the first place, if they knew it never happened?
If you’re a student of apologetics, then you’ll have heard of these concerns before, maybe in the writings of William Lane Craig for one and two, and N.T. Wright for number three. That’s why Christian apologists spend all this time reading this stuff, so that we can suggest these books to skeptics like Charles Murray! And these books do work on skeptics. It’s a shame that so many Christians never learn about how to use these books in church.
Anyway, if you like stories about very, very famous non-Christians taking a look at the good evidence for God’s existence, and Christianity in particular, then mark this one down on your list. It’s good to not care too much about flashy celebrities, and people who draw crowds based on their entertainment ability. Life isn’t about that. Life is about taking the time to puzzle about the evidence in nature and history that you can follow to get into a two-way relationship with the Boss. Many people seem to get so busy with other things. Some of these things are bad, and some of these things are good. But the purpose of life is surely to puzzle about the big questions, and to be reconciled with God.
Maybe you’ve been a Christian all your life, and you don’t even know why. Maybe you’d like to find out how to show non-Christians your work? In that case, it’s helpful to consider the stories of people like Gunter Bechly, Larry Sanger, Charles Murray, etc. and do a little study to see how good the evidence that they found really is. It’s fun to talk to people about the clues that the Boss has left.